Self Image Self Esteem free essay sample

Wrww. imis. ac. in Study Note @ Consumer Behavior Do advertisements influence our self image and our self esteem? Some critics accuse marketers of systematically creating anxiety, promoting envy, and fostering feelings of inadequacy and insecurity to sell us their products. Marketers respond that advertising does nothing more than mirror societys values, alerts people to new products and bargains, or motivate people to switch brands. At the very worst, they say, it bores or annoys. Of course, some ads provide information useful to consumers. And advertising clearly plays a alid role in an economy based on a system of free enterprise. The question is not whether advertising is valid; clearly, it is. The concern discussed here is the relationship between the images presented in ads and our sense of self. Can ads influence what we perceive as valid roles for ourselves in our society? And can our self-image and self-esteem be influenced by advertising? What are the images that ads present? Everywhere we turn, advertisements tell us what it means to be a desirable man or woman. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Image Self Esteem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ads paint limited images of what men and women can be. Because ads are everywhere in our society, these limited images sink into our conscious and unconscious minds. In this way, ads help limit our understanding of our worth and our full potential. Ads tend to present women in limited roles. Girls and women in ads show concern about their bodies, their clothes, their homes, and the need to attract a boy or man. Seldom are women shown in work settings, business roles, or positions of responsibility and authority. Our society recognizes many valid roles for women, but this isnt always reflected in ads. Also, the girls and omen in ads are presented as beautiful. But ads offer a very limited, narrow image of beauty. The advertising industry favors models with facial features that look Anglo, even if the model is Black or Hispanic. Ads also present a very thin body type as though it were the most common or most desirable body type. Researchers have found that girls and women who work as models weigh 23% less than the average female their age. And the hips of an average department store mannequin measure six inches less than that of the average young woman. Girls, women, boys, and men eeing these commercial images may be influenced to think of an ultra-thin female body as more normal or desirable than one of average weight. The extreme preoccupation with weight fostered by advertising images is reflected in the fact that 80% of 10year-old girls report having dieted and that eight million American women suffer from anorexia or bulimia, two potentially life-threatening eating disorders. In reality, many different kinds of facial features and body types are beautiful. Besides, the flawless appearance of women in ads isnt even real. Its an illusion created by akeup artists, photographers. Each image is carefully worked over. Blemishes, wrinkles, and stray hairs are Page Prof. Suvendu Kr. Pratihari wrww. imis. ac. in airbrushed away. Teeth and eyeballs are bleached white. In some cases, the picture you see is actually made of several photos. The face of one model may be combined with the body of a second model and the legs of a third. So many of the pictures we see are artificial, manufactured images. What happens when a girl or woman compares her real self with this narrow, unreal image of perfection? She may feel unattractive. When her self-image suffers, often her self-esteem is damaged too. She then looks for ways to improve her image and self-esteem. Ads also present an image of the ideal male. Although ads targeting boys and men do not present as narrow an imaginary physical ideal as do ads targeting girls and women, they still present a very limited view of masculinity. For girls and women, body image is emphasized in most ads. For boys and men, the image emphasized is an image of attitude. Boys and young men in ads typically play the part of someone who is cool and confident, independent, even a rebel. Men in ads tend to have an aura of power, physical strength, confidence, dominance, and detachment. The implied message for the viewer is that this is the way to be cool; this is the way a young man should act. The male image shown in ads almost never includes such traits as sensitivity, vulnerability, or compassion. This may discourage boys and men from displaying these natural and desirable human traits. Ads may thus limit a boy or mans sense of what he can or should be. The actors in ads tend to be handsome, with clear complexions and hair that is perfectly combed or perfectly windblown. They are also almost always athletic. Physical or even sexual prowess is suggested in scenes of physically challenging, dangerous, or aggressive sports. The self-image of boys and men who do not exhibit these traits for example, who have normal complexions, are not athletic, and dont feel cool and confident may suffer when they watch these ads. Negative feelings about oneself, whether related to appearance or anything else, can be followed by lower self-esteem. Ads offer to sell a new self-image. Of course, the ads that injure our self-image and self-esteem dont stop there. They conveniently ffer to sell a product that will solve our newly imagined problem. Consider this quote from Nancy Shalek, president of an advertising agency: Advertising at its best is making people feel that without their product, youre a loser. Kids are very sensitive to that. If you tell them to buy something, they are resistant. But if you tell them theyll be a dork if they dont, youve got their attention. You open up emotional vulnerabilities and its very easy to do with kids because theyre the most emotionally vulnerable. Another person involved in marketing, Charles Kettering, said that elling new products is about the organized creation of dissatisfaction. Many commonly accepted ideas about appearance for example, that skin should be blemish free and teeth bright white are not absolute truths. These expectations were artificially created wrww. imis. ac. in over a period of years by those who wanted to sell certain kinds of products and promoted the idea that we needed t hose products if our physical appearance was to be acceptable. Lets take a closer look at this emphasis on appearance. Ads tend to convey the idea that appearance is all-important. They teach us to be self-conscious about how we look. When we grow up surrounded by ads, intense self-scrutiny may seem normal. Of course, all cultures have their own ideas about the traits that make a boy or man and a girl or woman attractive. Often these ideas are very, very different than our own. Rather, it is the level of concern with physical appearance that makes modern Americans unique. The intense concern with appearance that is so common in our culture has not been the norm in most cultures. It is an artificial concern that we have acquired from living immersed n a society dominated by commercialism. In summary, there are 4 types of self Image: 1 . Actual Self Image or real self image-How Consumers in-fact see themselves. 2. Ideal Self Image-How Consumers would like to see themselves 3. Social Self Image or Reflected Self-image or Looking Glass Self Image-How consumers feel others see them. In much case, peoples actions are determined by a somewhat definite imagination of how they appear to other people: the peoples image of themselves is determined by their ideas about what other people think of them. For example, if a erson cannot spell correctly, he might refuse to write and seriously hurt his chances to succeed; or he might study spelling a great deal and improve his chances for a success. If he has bad breath, he might refuse to talk or breathe around other people or he might use mouthwash, stop smoking, or not eat certain foods. Until he either imagines that someone objects to these flaws (or until someone tells him) he is likely to continue to act in what he feels to be an acceptable manner. The Looking Glass Self normally helps the individual to become more successful, better liked person. If, however, constant fear about other peoples opinions prevents him from achieving self-confidence, he may choose to become a social outcast. (The Logic behind the name looking glass self image: As we see our face, fgure, and dress in a mirror and are interested in them because they are ours, and pleased or otherwise with them depending on whether they are what we want them to be: so in imagination we see in someone elses mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are affected by it. ) 4. Ideal Social Self Image-How consumers would like others to see them. It also seems useful to think in terms of two other types of self image. i. e. Page 3 wrww. imis. ac. in 5. Expected Self- how consumers expect to see themselves at some specified future time. It happens somewhere in between actual and ideal self image. consists of traits or characteristics that an individual believes it is his or her duty or obligation to possess. E. g. striving to achieve a deeper religious understanding or the seeking of a fair or Just solution to a challenging ethical problem. 4

Waggle Dance essays

Waggle Dance essays In every bee hive there are three types of bees, a queen, drones, and many workers. The lone queen honeybee is a fertile female, while the drone honeybees are males that are exclusively used for reproduction. It is the many worker honeybees, infertile females, that are responsible for foraging for food. For hundreds of years biologists and naturalists have noticed that the worker honeybees do not all go out to search for food at the same time, but rather send out scouts ahead. These scout honeybees locate the food, return to the hive, and then the rest of the workers go to collect the rest of the food. Many scientists, dating back to Aristotle, have been baffled by how the worker bees are able to locate the food sought out by the scouts. How do the scout and worker honeybees communicate in the hive to alert each other where to forage for the food? In 1943, an Austrian entomologist, Karl von Frisch hypothesized that the scouts were able to communicate the necessary information to the other worker bees by moving in specific patterns after returning to the hive. He called this movement the waggle dance. Karl von Frisch said that the waggle dance of the honeybee was able to communicate the distance, the direction, and even the type and amount of food to the other worker honeybees. He published his findings in a book called The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, and later received the noble prize in 1973 for his breakthroughs in animal behavior. Before he published his findings, Karl von Frisch spent years experimenting and recording observations to try and solve the mystery of honeybee communication. He started by placing a dish filled with sugar water a short distance from a bee hive. He noticed that immediately after placing the dish outside, the dish was swarmed with many honeybees. As the dish continued to empty, increasingly less honeybees came to it. However, if he refilled the dish and one of the bees...

Halloween Movie Quotes That Will Haunt You

Halloween Movie Quotes That Will Haunt You Hollywood has produced some fabulous horror classics. Movies like Nightmare on Elm Street, House on Haunted Hill, The Shining, and The Sixth Sense are blockbusters that made horror a winning formula. What makes horror movies so enticing?​ Halloween  commemorates the living and the dead, the real and the surreal. Even for a non-believer, Halloween is a fun festival as it creates an aura of mystery and daredevilry around us. Likewise, horror movies are thrilling because of special effects, mysterious plotline, and voodoo science. Stories about the supernatural try to unravel the mysteries that surround death and rebirth. Horror Movies Quotes Use these Halloween movie quotes to spook your party guests. With voice modulation and the right sound effects, these quotes can make any brave-heart shudder. You can also use these quotes to decorate your Halloween party invites, party favors, and thank you cards. Nightmare on Elm StreetChildren: One, two. Reds calling for you. Three, four. Better lock your door. Five, six. Grab your crucifix. Seven, eight. Gonna stay up late. Nine, ten. Never sleep again.Planet TerrorDr. William Block: Im gonna eat your brains, and gain your knowledge.The Addams FamilyMorticia [to Gomez, watching Pugsley sleep]:  Its so sweet. He looks just like a little entrà ©e.The HauntingTheodora: Havent you noticed how nothing in this house seems to move until you look away and then you just... catch something out of the corner of your eye?The UninvitedRoderick Fitzgerald: Thats not because there are most ghosts here than other places, mind you. Its just that people who live here about are strangely aware of them. You see, day and night, year in, year out, they listen to the pound and stir of the waves. Theres life and death in that restless sound. And eternity too.The OthersMrs. Mills: Sometimes the world of the living gets mixed up with the world of the dead. The Addams FamilyMargaret [to Morticia]: You are too precious for words, why I could just... eat you alive!The OthersMrs. Mills: The intruders are leaving, but others will come. Sometimes well sense them. Other times, we wont.The FlyVeronica Quaife: Be afraid. Be very afraid.Silence of the LambsHannibal Lecter: I ate his liver with some fava beans and a fine Chianti.Childs PlayChucky: Hi! Im Chucky. Want to play?Dawn of the DeadTelevangelist: When theres no more room in hell, the dead will walk the earth.The Sixth SenseCole Sear: I see dead people.Halloween H20: 20 Years LaterNorma Watson: You know, its Halloween. I guess everyone is entitled to one good scare, huh?Halloween (1978)Dr. Sam Loomis: Death has come to your little town, Sheriff. You can either ignore it, or you can help me to stop it.Halloween (2007)Dr. Samuel Loomis: These eyes will deceive you, they will destroy you. They will take from you, your innocence, your pride, and eventually your soul. These eyes do not see wha t you and I see. Behind these eyes one finds only blackness, the absence of light, these are of a psychopath. Halloween (1978)Tommy: You cant kill the Boogey man.American PsychoPatrick Bateman: I want to stab you to death, and then play around with your blood.Friday the 13thCrazy Ralph: Im a messenger of God. Youre doomed if you stay here. This place is cursed. Cursed... Its got a death curse!

7. The prospect of Turkish membership in the EU has led to the Essay

7. The prospect of Turkish membership in the EU has led to the emergence of increasingly stringent conditions for membership. Discuss - Essay Example Expansion has largely been carried out in the countries of the former Soviet Union and this organization continues to come under pressure to expand eastward. Accordingly Turkey, a predominately Muslim country straddling the border between Europe and Asia, is seeking membership into one of the most exclusive multilateral clubs in the world. Undertaking an analysis the candidacy of Turkey for membership in the EU, the following will discuss the major obstacles to the inclusion of Turkey within this exclusive multilateral club. This essay will begin with a concise overview of the European Union and will address the evolution of the EU following the collapse of state-led communism in Eastern Europe. This led to an increased desire for the EU to expand and the ramifications of this incredible and for some, unimaginable, fact will be analyzed with respect to the EU. We then turn to an analysis of enlargement, the ever-increasing demand for growth, the trajectory in which the EU has grown and finally, the reasons why Turkey is not a suitable candidate for membership in the European Union. We will explore the domestic and historical factors which make Turkey a poor candidate for EU membership and will conclude with a broad overview of our overall analysis (Warleigh 13; Fierke & Wiener 1-24). The European Union (EU) is a supranational body composed of constituent member states, found largely on the European peninsula. Democracy, negotiation, and collective decision-making through multilateralism are all inherent attributes of the modern EU. Today, membership in the European Union is actively sought by nearly all countries on the European peninsula as well as by one country straddling both Europe and Middle Asia (Turkey). Although there were initially only five members of the precursor to the European Union (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany), there are presently 27 countries in the EU and they

International Financial Reporting Standards Assignment - 1

International Financial Reporting Standards - Assignment Example More than 100 countries have formally accepted IFRS as the standards for preparing financial statements and to become compatible with each other. IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), a private sector international body. In fact, IASB itself is a new body, which emerged on the international scene in the year 2001, by replacing the International Accounting Standard Committee (IASC). With the increasing acceptance of these standards around the world, it appears all the more necessary for multinational enterprises (MNE) and countries with a global presence, that they should adopt the IFRS in order to make their functioning more acceptable in these areas. This will not only help the MNEs to save on their resources, but it will also help them in making use of similar modular and portable systems for accounting. There are many countries where the IFRS are not yet in use, but even in such countries, IFRS inspired standards are now being used. This helps in making the fullest use of the globalization and liberalization practices. Therefore it is in the interest of US companies that they should adopt the IFRS in all sincerity and make the best use of the available opportunities. In fact, adopting uniform standards will also help in tracking financial irregularities and thinking of appropriate solutions. Key benefits of going for IFRS include; i. Streamlining of reporting of the financial health of the company ii. Cost reduction - as companies will be able to make standard packages iii. Consistency in operations and financial details iv. Comparison with international competitors becomes easier. v. Better opportunities for accessing capital markets  

How Consumer Insight Are Shaping Companies in India Essay Example for Free

How Consumer Insight Are Shaping Companies in India Essay Customer is King is an adage that most companies across the globe have embraced. The need to concentrate on customers and be responsive to their demands has long been acknowledged by organizations. However, with globalisation and technological revolution the dynamics of business, the meaning of customer and market knowledge have all undergone a transformation. Today, the customer is the controlling factor in business and to be market-driven, an organisation has to evolve a culture that constantly listens to the customer, analyses competition and has strategies that meet existing, anticipated and even unanticipated needs of the customer. Going one step further, organizations must focus on customer relationship management which has given way to customer knowledge management. Given the international environment and knowledge economy, market and customer intelligence serves as a core competency and a principal source of competitive advantage. Leading by listening Practically every success story in today’s corporate realm reflects how awareness of customer needs shapes competitive business strategy. Let’s look at some examples. Procter Gamble When PG, the largest consumer goods company in the world, chose to offer its products to the lower income customer in developing countries, it had research teams associating with the poorest of homes for weeks. This gave the company valuable insights, which aided the company in creating a range of products that suited the pockets of this segment, enabling it to gain substantial market share. Amazon.com Amazon.com, the first e-retailer of books in the world, attained competitive advantage by emerging as book lovers’ forum where they could also share knowledge. It maintains customer knowledge through services such as book reviews, access to order histories and product recommendations based on preceding orders. Consequently, Amazon has recorded more than 70% repeat orders from its customers. Mahindra Mahindra Mahindra Mahindra’s SUV, Scorpio, has experienced enormous success in domestic and international markets. The positioning of Scorpio as an economy SUV was centered on the findings of extensive market visits and exploration of customer needs. The customer needs and wants ascertained were transformed into product specifications for Scorpio. Customer groups were consulted at every stage of design and product development. Scorpio was designated as the â€Å"Car of the Year† by ‘BBC on Wheels’ shortly after its launch. Indian Railways The amazing transformation of Indian Railways from what was termed as a white elephant to a profit making entity in less than two years has caught the attention of Indian and foreign academic and corporate establishments. This turnaround was not owing to any high-end technology but to a modest information means — the passenger feedback form. Data attained from these forms was analysed to identify customer expectations from the Railways. This was supported by a study of the best railways worldwide, and benchmarking with other transportations such as roadways and airlines. The outcome was a complete renovation of trains, stations and railway services to render them passenger-friendly. Needless to say, customers welcomed this change. The above examples highlight that it is vital to listen to customers for a success marketer-customer relationship, where the customer is not just a beneficiary, but a partner. Effective listening, together with strategic initiatives, can bring about a happily-ever-after end to this association.

Films that were enjoyed and disliked :: essays research papers

Films that were enjoyed and disliked   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The DVD The Movies Begin by Kino video is a testament to the early beginnings of film history. The series outlines man’s earliest attempts to create visual representations of the world around them, with great success. There are many short films on the disc that range from real events to staged minute long â€Å"stories.† There are some films that are enjoyable on levels of artistic creativity, while others lack motivation and are tedious (despite their short length).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film that sticks out most in terms of creativity is Georges Melies’ A Trip To The Moon (1902). This film chronicles the short but adventure filled flight of men to the moon. They make a large steel vessel, and travel to the moon where they encounter hostile alien beings. The film gave early audiences the fantasy of what was at the time impossible. This was primarily because of the use of special effects and a creative set design. This happened to be the result of Melies’ work as a magician. He also made use of editing to aid in his visual interpretation, making the audience believe that the aliens mysteriously evaporated after being hit with an umbrella. Melies also created a structure that was comprehensible. A simple venture into space; aliens and danger; escape to earth. This seemed to represent the three-act structure comparable to today’s films. All these elements created a landscape most audiences had never envisioned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another short film that warrants mention for simple creativity yet has underlying political tones is Ferdinand Zecca’s The Golden Beetle (1907). This film uses special effects as its main draw, showing a man enticed, then killed by a beautiful woman (beetle). Color tints on the film gave it an unusual look, as the woman appears to have an aura of gold around her body. The film’s climax sees the demise of the man in a fiery death. This was most probably the result of the cultural attitudes toward women during this period. The film suggests that a woman could be mysterious and alluring, yet simultaneously destructive and overwhelming.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One film that was pioneering in its technical attributes was the Lumiere brothers’ film Leaving Jerusalem By Railway (1896). This was a short film where the camera was at the rear of a train as it pulled away. This was revolutionary for the period because it took the camera away from the common stationary position somewhat, creating a tracking shot.

Revenue Outstanding Measured as the Weeks Billing Outstanding

MEASURING OUTSTANDING REVENUE AS WEEKS BILLING OUTSTANDING By SACHIN GHOGLE Introduction Financial management focuses in finding the value in accounts receivable by emphasizing on improving the collections process and hence accelerating the cash flow. ‘Revenue Outstanding’ is the amount due from the customer as a result of an organisation’s normal business operation, that is, it is the amount that has been billed by organisations and is due, but which has not been collected. The management of ‘Revenue Outstanding’ is an important source of cash and hence an important parameter that the management should measure. The estimation of time to recoup the revenue outstanding is important to determine the profit of any organisation. Most prefer to receive payment immediately rather than to wait for it, especially because sometimes payment is never made in the latter scenario. There is no one general technique to estimate the time to recoup the revenue that can be adopted by all the organisations. It varies from organisation to organisation depending on the nature of business and the needs and strategies of the management. Although there is no certainty of receiving payments from all the customers, organisations use various methods to calculate the revenue outstanding or the payment that will be recovered later at a any particular point of time. The Weeks Billing Outstanding (WBO) measure calculates the revenue outstanding based on the total number of week’s billings required to recoup current Revenue Outstanding. The WBO is an important financial parameter, which shows the age in weeks, in an organization's accounts receivable and is defined in terms of the average time taken to convert the outstanding revenue into cash. The WBO measure helps the management to measure the effectiveness of collection activities and alert the management with problem accounts. If the WBO is low, then less time is spent to collect outstanding revenue. By quickly converting the billings into cash, the organisation can reinvest this cash and convert it into profits. 1 The WBO Measure A payer is responsible to pay for the services used. The total outstanding revenue of a payer is the sum of invoiced amount minus the cash received against some of the invoices minus the unallocated cash/ payments received as advance or prepayment from the payer. Some organisations report the outstanding revenue as being outstanding from the date of the invoice as opposed to the ‘due date’ of the payment. The Weeks Billing Outstanding is the total number of days billings corresponding to the payer required to recoup the current outstanding revenue for the payer divided by number of days in a week. WBO = DBO/7 This WBO is calculated for an individual payer level whereas the management needs the overall WBO for a single business unit or a particular territory. There are three methods to calculate the overall WBO for a single business unit. The overall WBO (Method 1) for a single business unit or a particular territory can then be calculated as the average of the WBO for all the payers within the corresponding business unit or territory. The overall WBO (Method 2) for a single business unit can be more accurately calculated from the business perspective by considering the weighted average of the individual WBO over an important business parameter (for example, the accumulated revenue over the past one year). These two methods can showcase the weak link or the strong link affecting the outstanding revenue. After identifying the weak link, the management can focus on the weak payers to reduce their outstanding revenue and to improve the overall cash flow within the system. The overall WBO (Method 3) can be calculated as the total number of days billings (cumulative for all the payers within the business unit) required to recoup the current total outstanding revenue for the business unit (cumulative for all the payers). Though this method cannot point the weak link, it is more accurate. 2 How to use WBO Measure Reference Date: 01 March 2008 Listed below are the aggregated Invoice figures for a Payer P1 Invoiced Amount $80,000 Cash Received $20,000 Open Amount $60,000 Unallocated Cash / Payments $15,000 Outstanding Revenue $45,000 Open Amount = Invoiced Amount – Cash Received Outstanding Revenue = Open Amount – Unallocated Cash / Payments Received US $45000 is the Outstanding Revenue from a Payer P1 Listed below is the Billing Details against Payer P1 Billing Date 1-Mar-2008 29-Feb-2008 28-Feb-2008 27-Feb-2008 26-Feb-2008 25-Feb-2008 24-Feb-2008 23-Feb-2008 22-Feb-2008 21-Feb-2008 20-Feb-2008 19-Feb-2008 18-Feb-2008 17-Feb-2008 16-Feb-2008 15-Feb-2008 14-Feb-2008 13-Feb-2008 Billing Amount $0 $0 $0 $1,000 $500 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,000 $0 $0 $0 $2,000 Cumulative Billing Amount $0 $0 $0 $10,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $55,000 DAYNUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 This chart shows that a Billing of amount $55,000 against a Payer P1 which is greater that the outstanding revenue $45,000 from a payer P1is achieved after 18 days of billing counted from March 1, 2008. Thus the days billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue is 18 days. 3 Hence the week s billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue will be calculated as follows: WBO = DBO / 7 = 18 / 7 = 2. 57 Similarly, the WBO for each payer can be calculated. Consider the calculated WBO figures for n Payers to be as follows: Payer P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 †¦ †¦ Pn WBO 4 2 15. 5 1. 5 1 0. 5 And the Management is interested in the Overall WBO measure for a business unit or a territory. Method 1 Overall WBO can be calculated as the average of the WBO’s of all the payers within the particular Business unit or territory. The overall WBO hence will be ? 1-N WBO ————N N = Total number of Payers The Overall WBO = (4 + 2 + 15. 5 + 1. 5 + 1 + 0. 5)/6 = 4. 09 The Overall WBO is 4. 9 even though the WBO for Payer P3 is 15. 5 4 Method 2 Now let us consider the following chart. Payer P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 †¦ †¦ Pn WBO 4. 5 2 15. 5 3. 5 1 0. 5 Accumulated revenue over the past 1 year ( In Millions) 0. 5 1 50 5 2 0. 2 ? 1-n (WBO X Acc. Rev) . 25 2 775 17. 5 2 0. 1 x The considerations of a business parameter, here the Accumulated Revenue over the past one year for each of these payers will alter the view in which the WBO is to be measured from a management perspective. The management weighs payer P3 about 15 times more than payer P5 as the revenue accumulated from payer P3 is approximately 15 times more than that from payer P1. As the WBO for Payer P3 is high compared to the Overall WBO calculated in Method 1, the alternative to improve the calculation is to use a Weighted average of the WBO as opposed to the normal average. As per the new formula Overall WBO = ? 1-n (WBO X Acc. Rev) ——————————-? 1-n (Acc. Rev) Overall WBO = ( 2. 25 + 2 + 775 + 17. 5 + 2 + 0. 1) ——————————————-(0. 5 + 1 + 50 + 5 + 5 + 2 + 0. 2 ) = 798. 85 / 58. 7 = 13. 61 The new Overall WBO is now closer to the WBO of the Payer P3 who is a major payer for the organization. 5 Method 3 Listed below are the aggregated Invoice figures for a single business unit Invoiced Amount $1. 50 Cash Received $0. 80 Open Amount $0. 70 Unallocated Cash / Payments $0. 20 Outstanding Revenue $0. 50 $0. 5 million is the overall outstanding revenue for the business unit Listed below is the overall Billing Details for the business unit Billing Date -Mar-2008 29-Feb-2008 28-Feb-2008 27-Feb-2008 26-Feb-2008 25-Feb-2008 24-Feb-2008 23-Feb-2008 22-Feb-2008 21-Feb-2008 20-Feb-2008 19-Feb-2008 18-Feb-2008 17-Feb-2008 16-Feb-2008 15-Feb-2008 14-Feb-2008 13-Feb-2008 12-Feb-2008 11-Feb-2008 Billing Amount $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 10 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 07 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 00 $0. 80 $0. 00 $0. 02 $0. 00 $0. 10 Cumulative Billing Amount $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 15 $0. 15 $0. 15 $0. 15 $0. 22 $0. 22 $0. 27 $0. 27 $0. 27 $0. 32 $0. 32 $0. 40 $0. 40 $0. 42 $0. 42 $0. 52 DAYNUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 These charts show that a Billing of amount $0. 2 million which is greater that the outstanding revenue $0. 5 million is achieved after 20 days of billing counted from March 1, 2008. Thus the days billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue is 20 days. Hence the weeks billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue will be calculated as follows WBO = DBO / 7 = 20 / 7 = 2. 86 6 Based on the pros and cons of the various methods, every organization would select a method to measure its Weeks Billing Outstanding, which wil l form the baseline for their reporting. Then the management has to devise appropriate procedures to gather the required data to implement the selected method. 7

7 Year War

The war consisting of three names, known to the Europeans as â€Å"the 7 year war,† the Canadians as â€Å"The conquest,† and to the English Americans as â€Å"The French and Indian War. † The French and Indian War started in 1756 and lasted roughly 7 years. It all started at â€Å"The Forks of Ohio. † Present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Both Great Britain and France hoped to get there first and take control of the land for themselves. The river was a natural highway for trade and both sides had their own plans for the land.France formed alliances with the Native Americans who lived around their forts and would most often live and work along side of the natives taking in their way of life The river would be a way for them to travel faster for trade amongst other colonies, they built most of their trading posts along the rivers. The French traded amongst the Native Americans for valuable animal fur, which later they would send to Europe to be sold. Anothe r reason the French became a great threat to Great Britain, they had and controlled more land.By 1700 the French land stretched from Canada, across the Great Lakes, down to the Mississippi River and to New Orleans. This and the wanting The â€Å"Forks of Ohio† themselves will be the cause of the war we know today as the â€Å"French and Indian War. † The British, busy building their colonies along the coast of the Atlantic. These settlers were brought to America with the desire to become rich or to practice their own religious beliefs freely. Most of their living being made farming or trading.The British outnumbered the French due to the fact that they built more small villages and towns, bringing more British over in their conquest for riches. The vast number of British caused for them to move around in search for more land, moving them west, most often causing conflict with the Native Americans trying to protect their land. Between the years 1689 and 1748 a series of three wars were fought amongst them both all for control of North America, in which neither side fully won.On Great Britain’s side, a young twenty-one commander in chief was the start to the notorious war, firing the first shots starting the first true war, â€Å"George Washington. † The two armies collided near The Forks of Ohio in 1754 causing Britain’s victory over the French for a short period of time. Once French soldiers surrounding the area caught word of the attack they band together and went in search of George Washington and his men.The French soon arrived to find George and his men hiding in a stockade they had built to fend of the French soldiers, the stockade soon developed the name â€Å"Fort Nessecity. † Washington and his men soon out numbered caused the British to surrender and to their surprise was able to return home. When this war began the French teamed with the Canadian colonists and their native alliances they traded amongst for ye ars. The French proved loyal to the Natives over the period of time they conducted business together.This help make up for the vast outnumbering Britain had over the French. Britain teamed with the American colonies and 4 of the 6 Iroquois Nations, who were not to fond of the French to begin with, due to the taking over their land and changing their way of life by driving out their game they used for hunting and destroying their crops. 1755, General Braddock, appointed general at the time led yet another attack at â€Å"Fort Duquesne,† the new name of the French fort at the â€Å"Fork of the Ohio. Alongside the General came George Washington, now Junior leader of the British army. It was this battle that General Braddock became injured and later died. The battle lasted only about three hours and ended with the British once again retreating. This battle soon came to become â€Å" The Battle of the Wilderness. † The British strategy of attack was no match for the defens e of the French. The French and Natives would hide amongst the trees and the wilderness leaving the British shooting in the dark and wide open targets. 756, this year became the start of what seemed to be a huge loss amongst the British. â€Å"Fort Oswego† in New York was captured by the French. 1757 â€Å"Fort William Henry,† soon became French territory. Attack after attack by the French caught the British army off guard as the French and Natives pulled land after land from underneath the British. This battle caused different countries all over the world to take sides.By 1756 war was not just in North America anymore but consisted of most of the countries throughout the world. In 1757, William Pitt took over the position of leadership for Great Britain. In 1758, Pitt ordered an attack at â€Å"Fort Louisburg† a French fortress off the coast of Canada. They thought that if they could get control of the key then they would have access to the rivers running throu gh, making for battle by water a lot easier of a solution for them.The British brought with the double the men than what existed at the fortress at the time, outnumbering the French, this led to the surrender by the French and gave the British two heads up on the battle. The war started to take a turn for the best for Great Britain. Soon the British had control of â€Å" Fort Frontenac† on Lake Ontario in the year 1758. This loss for the French really made a dent in the British victory, making it harder for the French trade.The fall of 1758, the French abandoned â€Å"Fort Duquesne† causing the British to take control of the Forks of Ohio. The name â€Å"Pittsburgh† soon became the new fort name, after William Pitt, Pitt was the reasoning for the turn of the war in the British favor, earning him the title of the name. 1759, the invasion in Canada was sent under way. â€Å"Lake Champlain† was claimed by the British clearing another path to Canada for the B ritish.Summer, 1759 James Wolfe led a large fleet up the St. Lawrence River, targeting Quebec. Wolfe and his men set up fort across the river from Quebec, planning out a way to carry out their attack. Months pass, several attempts on Quebec’s steep land fails. Wolfe catches word of a secret trail that became ideal for the attack. September, the night attack by Wolfe and his men , sent under way led to the surrender of the French in Quebec.The French retreated to Montreal, although on both sides both generals lost their lives, Wolfe and Montcalm the British proudly marched in to Quebec on September 18th the year 1759. This battle was one of the last chances for the French to have any control over North America. The wars continued but never again did the French see another victory. Great Britain had taken over and their forces seemed to be too overwhelming for the French. The war around the war continued and still led to the French and their allies failing. 763 came around and both the British and the French decided it was time for a Truce. The treaty called â€Å"The peace of Paris† was drawn up and signed. The terms, The French gave up Canada, India and the Florida territories. The British now had control of most of North America. Although it felt like peace had been made at last even though Great Britain’s powerful force took over most of North America, this war had and impact that would not be avoided not only for the colonists but for the Native Americans as well.Great Britain now controlled vast’s amounts of land and more land meant more soldiers to protect this land. This became costly, the new government then imposed new taxes for the colonists. As imagined, the colonists grew unhappy with this decision. They felt the victory had to do with them as well and their new found freedom should be enjoyed, this was not the case. This will soon cause even more conflict in the future. The Native Americans, felt the impact in the worst way.After British victory more and more settlers moved to North America taking control of even more land, creating their tobacco crops and scaring away the wildlife the Natives become accustomed to hunt. The Native American not only were being pushed out of their land but could not continue their way of life they lived for centuries. This became a problem and caused war amongst the natives and the British. 1763, a proclamation was created, making the first reservation between the Appalachian and the Mississippi River for the natives.This was an attempt at peace, trying to avoid war with the natives. War is costly and Great Britain trying to maintain their vast majority of land had too many cost to deal with as it was. This law was to protect the land from the settlers. This treaty did little or nothing for the Natives as the settlers still continued to move west forcing the natives from their land. The taxes and the proclamation caused even more anger amongst the colonists, they beg an a disagreement with the British rule.The relationship between Great Britain and The American colonies would soon fall apart leading to none only than â€Å"The American Revolution. † A new war at hand. Bibliography: Santella, Andrew, â€Å"We the people, The French and Indian war,† (Compass Points Books, 2004) , 4-48 Anderson, Fred, â€Å"Crucible of war,† (A Division Of Random House, New York), 479 Vaugeois, Dennis â€Å"The last of the French and Indian War,† Montreal, (Mcgillqueens University Press, 2002) 1-100

Cryonics essays

Cryonics essays What is Cryonics? Cryonics is the process of freezing and storing the body of a diseased, recently deceased person to prevent tissue decomposition so that at some future time the person might be brought back to life upon development of new medical cures. CRYO- Cold; freezing IONICS- The study of the structure and function of organisms in order to apply this knowledge to the creation. Cryonics, is the rapid cooling of a persons body, usually in liquid nitrogen, in order to preserve the tissue and cellular and molecular structure in the hopes that future advancements in science and technology will be developed to allow them to brought back to life. Hopefully by then will have cures for cancer, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, or the effects of aging, thereby potentially restoring the individual back to good health. Before you die you are assigned a cryonics team so as soon you die they come and get you, usually by helicopter. Your body is then put into an ice bath, to gradually cool your body down. They put you on a heart and lung resuscitator to restore blood and oxygen flow to the brain to eliminate the possibility of brain damage. After that your blood is reduced to 2 degrees above freezing temperature. Finally all of the blood in you is drained out and is replaced with an organ preserving fluid, and your body is flown back to the cryonics lab. At the cryonics lab, the fluid that they had put in your body before are drained out and it is replaced with liquid nitrogen, which is anti-freeze basically. This is done so your bodys tissue wont get frostbite. After a few days your body temperature is reduced to 196 degrees! Lastly it is moved to a big flask where you are stored head down. Just in case there is a little bit of accidental thawing your feet will that first that way and your brain will be saved. The Cryonics Movement began in 1962 after the publication o...

Erving Goffman - Biography and Works

Erving Goffman - Biography and Works Erving Goffman (1922-1982) was a major Canadian-American sociologist who played a significant role in the development of modern American sociology. He is considered by some to be the most influential sociologist of the 20th century, thanks to his many significant and lasting contributions to the field.  He is widely known and celebrated as a major figure in the development of  symbolic interaction theory  and for developing the dramaturgical perspective. His most widely read works include  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life  and  Stigma: Notes the Management of Spoiled Identity. Major Contributions Goffman is credited for making significant contributions to the field of sociology. He is considered a pioneer of micro-sociology, or the close examination of the social interactions that compose everyday life. Through this type of work, Goffman presented evidence and theory for the social construction of the self as it is presented to and managed for others, created the concept of framing and the perspective of frame analysis, and set the foundation for the study of impression management. In addition, through his study of social interaction, Goffman made a lasting mark on how sociologists understand and study stigma and how it affects the lives of people who experience it. His studies also laid the groundwork for the study of strategic interaction within game theory and laid the foundation for the method and subfield of conversation analysis. Based on his study of mental institutions, Goffman created the concept and framework for studying total institutions and the process of resocialization that takes place within them. Early Life and Education Erving Goffman was born June 11, 1922, in Alberta, Canada. His parents, Max and Anne Goffman, were Ukrainian Jews and had emigrated to Canada prior to his birth. After his parents moved to Manitoba, Goffman attended St. Johns Technical High School in Winnipeg and in 1939 he began his university studies in chemistry at the University of Manitoba. Goffman would later switch to studying sociology at the University of Toronto and completed his B.A. in 1945. Following that, Goffman enrolled at the University of Chicago for graduate school and completed a Ph.D. in sociology in 1953. Trained in the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology, Goffman conducted ethnographic research  and studied symbolic interaction theory. Among his major influences were Herbert Blumer, Talcott Parsons, Georg Simmel, Sigmund Freud, and Émile  Durkheim. His first major study, for his doctoral dissertation, was an account of everyday social interaction and rituals on Unset, an island among the Shetland Islands chain in Scotland (Communication Conduct in an Island Community, 1953). Goffman married Angelica Choate in 1952 and a year later the couple had a son, Thomas. Sadly, Angelica committed suicide in 1964 after suffering from mental illness. Career and Later Life Following the completion of his Ph.D. and his marriage, Goffman took a job at the National Institute for Mental Health in Bethesda, MD. There, he conducted participant observation research for what would be his second book,  Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, published in 1961. He described how this process of institutionalization socializes people into the role of a good patient (i.e. someone dull, harmless and inconspicuous), which in turn reinforces the notion that severe mental illness is a chronic state. Goffmans first book, published in 1956, and arguably his most widely taught and famous work, is titled  The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Drawing on his research in the Shetland Islands, it is in this book that Goffman laid out his dramaturgical approach to studying the minutiae of everyday face-to-face interaction. He used the imagery of the theater to portray the importance of human and social action. All actions, he argued, are social performances that aim to give and maintain certain desired impressions of oneself to others. In social interactions, humans are actors on a stage playing a performance for an audience. The only time that individuals can be themselves and get rid of their role or identity in society is backstage where no audience is present. Goffman took a faculty position in the department of sociology at the University of California-Berkeley in 1958. In 1962 he was promoted to full professor. A few years later, in 1968, he was appointed the Benjamin Franklin Chair in Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience  is another of Goffman’s well-known books, published in 1974. Frame analysis is the study of the organization of social experiences and so with his book, Goffman wrote about how conceptual frames structure an individual’s perception of society. He used the concept of a picture frame to illustrate this concept. The frame, he described, represents structure and is used to hold together an individual’s context of what they are experiencing in their life, represented by a picture. In 1981 Goffman married Gillian Sankoff, a sociolinguist. Together the two had a daughter, Alice, who was born in 1982. Sadly, Goffman died of stomach cancer that same year. Today, Alice Goffman is a notable sociologist in her own right. Awards and Honors Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1969)Guggenheim Fellowship (1977-78)Cooley-Mead Award for Distinguished Scholarship, Second on Social Psychology, American Sociological Association (1979)73rd President of the American Sociological Association (1981-82)Mead Award, Society for the Study of Social Problems (1983)6th most cited author in humanities and social sciences in 2007 Other Major Publications Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction (1961)Behavior in Public Places (1963)Interaction Ritual (1967)Gender Advertisements (1976)Forms of Talk (1981)

The Grammar of Hip-hop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Grammar of Hip-hop - Essay Example The hip-hop dance had become very famous among American boys and was making roots in the minds of European youngsters. The years 1983 and 1984 saw a change in the outlook of teen agers and pre-teenagers of European countries. The reason behind could be youngsters’ desire to show their masculinity, which was not coming out in the absence of traditional repertoires of western societies. It allowed them to show off their physical prowess and masculine attitude through hip-hop dance forms. Popping and break-dance became very popular at the end of 70s. It was an obsession with pre-teen and teen age children particularly boys , as â€Å"popping† and â€Å"breaking† provided a medium to exhibit their hidden energy, aggression and masculinity. Hip-hop spread from America to European countries, which was electric in itself in attaining all the paraphern anguage high school based in southwestern Ontario, Canada glimpses the lives of a group of continental Francophone Afric an youths along with their social identity. Not only their refugee status mattered to them but also their experiences on gender and race played alia like â€Å"right† music, clothes – was well supported by mass media and guest appearances from America. One can see the repetition of this hip-hop cultural identity in the body language of ethnic groups – their subjectivities and wants in semiological languages: dress code, body, architecture and photography. A research in an urban, French l an important part in how they identified with the society.